‘B’ CERT SPL
ARMED FORCES (105 Marks)
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1 Fill in the Blanks (15 Marks)
(a) K.M. Cariappa was the first Indian Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army.
(b) Area Headquarters and Sub Area Headquarters are commanded by an officer of the rank of Lieutenant General and Major General.
(c) The Armoured Corps is one of the combat arms of the Indian Army.
(d) CDSE stands for Combined Defence Service Examination.
(e) The Armoured Corps is one of the COMBAT arms of the Indian Army.
(f) The President of India is the SUPRIMME COMMANDER of all the Armoud forces.
(g) ASHOK CHAKRA is a Peacetime Highest Gallantry award.
(h) The Integrated Headquarters of Ministry of Defense (Army) functions under The Ministry of Defence.
(j) PARAMVEER CHAKRA is a wartime Highest Gallantry award.
(k) Divisions. Commanded by an officer of the rank of Major General.
(l) The Chief of Army Staff is responsible for all Army activities & senior officers who assist him are.
(m) The primary role of the Mechanised Infantry is to close with the enemy in coordination with armour and destroy or capture the enemy.
(n) The National Security Guards (NSG) is unit originally created for counter- terrorism and hostage rescue missions.
(o) The Sashastra Seema Bal, formed in the year 1963.
2 True or False (10 Marks)
(a) Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw was the first Indian Army officer to be promoted to the five-star rank of Field Marshal. (True/False)
(b) Area Headquarters and Sub Area Headquarters are Commanded by Lieutenant General and Major General. (True/False)
(c) The Air Force is organized into two commands which are controlled by Air HQ. (True/False)
(d) Hospitals, Field Ambulances and Medical Aid Posts are run by Armed Service Corps. (True/False)
(e) Supporting Services, as they provide logistical support to fighting & Supporting Arms. (True/False)
(f) Mechanized Infantry operates in armoured personnel carrier (APC) which has enough protection against small arms fire. (True/False)
(g) Marshall of the Air Force is an honorary rank given to an Air Chief Marshall for his invaluable services. (True/False)
(h) The controlling authority of a State Police force is the Department of the Home of the State Government. (True/False)
(J) Hospitals, Field Ambulances and Medical Aid Posts are run by Armed Service Corps. (True/False)
(k) Assam Rifles (AR) is the oldest paramilitary force in India. (True/False)
3 Write the full form? (10 Marks)
1 VCOAS- Vice Chief of Army Staff.
2 PVSM - Param Vishisth seva medal
3 PVC - Param Vir Chakra.
4 VrC -. Vir Chakra.
5 PSO - Principle Staff Officers
6 MVC - Maha Vir Chakra.
7 AAD - Army Air Defence.
8 AOC - Army Ordinance Corps
9 RVC - Remount and Veterinary Corps
10 CRPF - Central Reserve Police Force
4 Write The Ranks In Indian Army? (10 Marks)
OFFICERS RANKS JCOS RANK OTHER RANKS
Lieutenant Naib Subedar Sepoy
Captain Subedar L/Naik
Major Subedar Major Naik
Lieutenant Colonel Havildar
Colonel
Brigadier
Major General
Lieutenant General
General
5 Commands of Air force? (07 Marks)
Operational commands
(a) Central Air Command (CAC) Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
(b) Eastern Air Command (EAC) Shillong, Meghalaya
(c) Southern Air Command (SAC) Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
(d) South Western Air Command (SWAC) Gandhinagar, Gujarat
(e) Western Air Command (WAC) New Delhi
Functional Commands
(a) Training Command (TC) Bangalore, Karnataka
(b) Maintenance Command (MC) Nagpur, Maharashtra
6 WRITE THE NAVY COMMANDS. (O3 Marks)
ANS -Chief of Naval Staff commands Indian Navy. Integrated Headquarters of the Ministry of Defence (Navy) is located in New Delhi. The Navy is divided into three commands:-
(a) Command Headquarter Western Naval Command Mumbai
(b) Eastern Naval Command Vishakhapatnam
(c) Southern Naval Command Kochi
7 Write the Army commands & their locations. (10 Marks)
(i) Integrated Headquarters of Ministry of Defence (Army) New Delhi
(ii) Central Command Lucknow
(iii) Eastern Command Kolkata
(iv) Northern Command Udhampur
(v) Southern Command Pune
(vi)South Western Command Jaipur
(vii) Western Command Chandimandir
(viii) Army Training Command Shimla
(ix)Andaman & Nicobar Command Andaman
(x) Strategic Force Command New Delhi
8 Write the Fighting Arms and explain the supporting Arms of Indian Army any five. (10 Marks)
ANS:-
FIGHTING ARMS
1 Armor- Armor by virtue of its mobility, fire power protection and shock action is most aptly suited for present day battle field environment. The basic role of amour is to destroy the enemy by relentless, mobile offensive action, both in offensive and defensive operation. An Armd Regt has 45 tanks. In India we have TK T-72,TK T-90 & MBT Arjun tanks.
2 Infantry. Infantry is essentially an arm of close combat. Its role in attack is to close in with the enemy and destroy or capture him and hold ground. In Defence it is to hold ground against all forms of attack. It is also employed in counter insurgency and counter terrorism operations.
3 Mechanized Infantry. It is infantry with enhanced mobility and fire power. Mechanized Infantry moves in armoured personnel carrier (APC) which has adequate protection against small arms fire . Their mobility in conjunction with Armour enables own troops to obtain most favorable decision in battle. The emphasis is on mobility fire power and maneuver rather than manpower. The eqpt used are BMP- I & II.
SUPPORTING ARMS
1 Artillery. Artillery provides heavy volume of fire at long ranges to damage and destroy enemy position before it can be physically captured and occupied by own ground forces.
2 Engineers. The Corps of Engineers consists of three major constituents namely Combat Engineers, MES and Border Roads. The Corps also provides Officers to the military survey and DRDO. In wars they provide mobility to own forces by constructing bridges, tracks and helipads. They also deny the same to the enemy by creating obstacles such as laying of mine fields and demolition of bridges.
3 Army Air Defence.Army Air Defence is equipped with air defence guns and Short and Medium range surface to air missile systems. Alongwith air force it provides air defence to mobile forces, Vulnerable Areas and Vulnerable Points.
4 Army aviation Corps. The role of Army Aviation corps is reconnaissance and observation by controlling artillery and infantry mortar fire from air and also to provide commanders and staff, rapid means for liaison visits and recce. It is ideally suited for evacuation of battle casualties. They use the Chetak helicopters for logistic tasks and the Cheetahs for aggressive tasks.
5 Signals. The role of Signals is to provide radio, Radio Relay and line communication and establish Signal centres during war and peace. It also monitors enemies 9 communication systems. It is also responsible for cyber security. Its vision in the 21st century is to achieve electronic and information superiority for effective functioning of the Army.
9 What are the Central Armed Police Forces and other policing agencies have many elements and branches to national security? (07 marks)
(a) Border Security Force.
(b) Central Industrial Security Force.
(c) Central Reserve Police Force.
(d) Indo-Tibetan Border Police.
(e) National Security Guards.
(f) Special Protection Group.
(g) Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB).
(h) Assam Rifles (AR)
10 Central Investigation and Intelligence Institutions of Police Organisations (08 marks)
(a) Central Bureau of Investigation.
(b) Indian Income-tax Department.
(c) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence.
(d) Central Economic Intelligence Bureau.
(e) Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence.
(f) National Investigation Agency. (g) Narcotics Control Bureau.
(h) Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPRD).
(j) National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB).
11 Write the War Time Gallantry Awards in the Face of Enemy.(05 Marks)
(a) Param Vir Chakra.
(b) Maha Vir Chakra.
(c) Vir Chakra.
(d) Sena Medal / Nau Sena Medal / Vayu Sena Medal.
(e) Mention in Dispatch.
(f) Chief of Staff Commendation Card.
12 Write the Peace Time Gallantry Awards in the Face of Enemy.(05 Marks)
(a) Ashoka Chakra.
(b) Kirti Chakra.
(c) Shaurya Chakra.
(d) President's Police Medal (PPM) for Gallantry.
(e) President's Police Medal (PPM) for Distinguished Service.
13 Non-Gallantry Awards /Distinguished Service Awards. (05 Marks)
(a) Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal.
(b) Param Vishisht Seva Medal.
(c) Uttam Yudh Seva Medal.
(d) Ati Vishisht Seva Medal.
(e) Yuddh Seva Medal.
(f) Vishisht Seva Medal.
MAP READING (75 Marks)
1 Fill in the blanks? ( 10 Marks)
(a) The three types of North are TRUE,GRID and MAGNATIC
(b) The back bearing of 24 degrees is 204 and forward bearing of 201degrees 21.
(c) A bearing is always measured clockwise.
(d) Grid Bearing Measured on the map by the help of a Service protractor.
(e) Magnetic Bearing Measured from Magnetic North by the compass.
(f) The service protractor “A” Mark IV is an instrument used for Plotting bearing on the map.
(g) Methods of Finding own Position on Map By Resection & Inspection method.
2 True or false? (05 Marks)
(a) A map is aligned on the ground such that the top of the map points towards North. TRUE
(b) The vertical lines on the map are known as Easting line TRUE
(c) A line drown on the Map Joining up all points of some height is called Contour line. TRUE
(d) The compass needle always points to words which direction True North. TRUE
(e) We need minimum two objects on ground & Map to find the 'own position. TRUE
3 Define the Grid & its purpose? (02 Marks)
Ans - A map is covered with a network of purple lines, some running North
and South and others West and East. These form a series of small squars all
over the map.These lines are known as Grid Lines.
Purpose - The purpose of Grid Lines is to make possible giving and reading
Grid References and to facilitate measurement of bearings.
4 Methods of expressing a Scale? (03 Marks)
Ans - There are two methods of expressing a scale:-
(a) In Words. 1 inch to 1 mile, it means that 1 inch on the map represents 1 mile on the ground.
(b) As a Representative Fraction (RF). This is the scale expressed in the form of a fraction, if the scale of a map is given as 1/100000 this means that one unit of the map represents 100000 of the same unit on the ground. It could mean that one centiméter on the map represents 100000cm on the ground.
2 Define the following. ( Each x 02 = 30 Marks)
1. Map - Map is the geographical representation of land on a paper.
2. Scale - Scale is a proportion of two points on map and two points on the ground.
3. Relief - Relief is applied to the shape of the ground in a vertical plane.
4. Contour - Contour is an imaginary line following surface of the ground at a certain level.
5. Gradient - Gradient is the slope of the ground expressed as the angle the ground makes with the horizontal.
6. Cardinal Points - Cardinal Points are the four major directions North, South, East and West.
7. Types of North-
(i) True North is the direction of North pole.
(ii) Magnetic North is the direction which a magnetic needle points,
(iii) Grid North is the direction of the North South grid lines on a map-point.
8. Magnetic Variation - Magnetic Variation is the difference between True North
and Magnetic North. It depends on time and place.
9. Grid Convergence is the angular difference between Grid North and True North.
10. Bearing: The clock wise angle formed by a straight line joining two points and direction of North.
11. Setting of Map: A map is said to be set or oriented when it is placed such that it corresponds directly with the ground. There are two methods of setting a map- by compass and by objects on the ground.
12. Types of navigation: Navigation during day and Night navigation.
13. Methods are used to identify objects from map to ground.
(a) Bearing and Distance Method.
(b) Direction and Distance Method
(c) By Estimation Method.
14 Compass Error. Sometimes due to the presence of impurities in the material of which a compass is made or other reasons, the magnetic needle may not point toward the magnetic NORTH but a little to the EAST or WEST of it. This deviation of the magnetic needle in the compass from the magnetic NORTH is termed compass error.
3 Use of Goggle Maps & Applications Directions and Transit. Business Listings. (10 marks)
(a) Indoor Maps
(b) Google Local Guides
(c) Mobile App
(d) Applications.
(i) Google Handwriting.
(ii) Trusted Contacts.
(iii) Google Trips.
(iv)Google Arts & Culture.
(v) Chrome Remote Desktop.
(vi)Google Opinion Rewards.
(vii) Android Auto.
(viii) Wallpapers
4 How to Take a magnetic Bearing? (05 Marks)
(a) Open the lid of compass.
(b) Turn the prism casing over.
(c) Put your thumb through the ring.
(d) Put your forefinger underneath the compass & hold it to horizontal level.
(e) Bring the prism up to the eye.
(f) See through the prism via hairline to object.
(g) Read the bearing
5 What are the Methods of Finding own Position on Map? (10 Marks)
Ans - By resection method or Compass method-
(a) Recognise three prominent features (A, B, C) on map and on the ground as well. These three prominent features must not be more than 180 or less than 30 apart. They should be as far as possible and clearly visible. The bearing of these points be taken and converted into Grid bearings.
(b) Then, on the map the back bearings from these points must be plotted, and the point of intersection will be the required position.
(c) In order to do an accurate resection, three or more objects are necessary. But in that case if the three rays do not intersect at the same point, a triangle of error is obtained. The centre of triangle is the point of your own position.
By Inspection Method- By inspections is meant a careful and detailed study of the ground and features both on the map and the ground and features on the map and on the ground. The method consists of:
(a) Setting the map.
(b) Recognition of general area of own position on the map.
(c) A close study of the ground details.
FIELD CRAFT & BATTLE CRAFT (55 MARKS)
1 Fill in the blanks? (11 Marks)
(a) Though an open ground is easy to travel, it is dangerous to do so in the locality of the enemy.
(b) Dead Ground that is hidden from an observer’s view. It cannot be covered by flat path weapons.
(c) Broken ground when correctly used affords protection from flat path weapons.
(d) After giving General line of direction give LEFT and RIGHT boundaries of your area.
(e) Quarter Left/Right Approximately 22 1⁄2 degrees and Three Quarter Left/Right Approximately 67 1⁄2degrees.
(f) The targets which cannot be indicated by the methods given above are termed Difficult targets.
(g) Things are visible at night. There are two factors which Sound & Light.
(h) High ground It facilitates control of area around it by observation or fire.
(j) Concealment is an aid to tactical deception and misinforms the enemy about our intentions and strengths.
2 Define the following? (3 x2=06 Marks)
(i) Landmarks- An object, which is important on the ground and which is used in verbal orders to explain the ground in front.
(ii) Target -It is an object having a technical significance which is indicated with a view to bring down fire on it.
(iii) Reference Point. An important and unmistakable object, with the help of which you can indicate other land marks or targets. A reference point should be specific.
3 What are the types of Ground & its uses? ( 10 Marks)
(i) Broken Ground It is uneven and is generally scattered with nullahs, bump sand fields in the ground. It is suitable for move of infantry.
(ii). Flat and Open Ground- It is even ground with little cover e.g. bushes, hedges and other foliage. It is not suitable for move of Infantry by day
(ii) High Ground- Ground far above the general level of the area e.g. hill. It facilitates control of area around it by observation or fire.
(iv) Dead Ground- Ground that is hidden from an observer’s view. It cannot be covered by flat path weapons.
Though an open ground is easy to travel, it is dangerous to do so in the locality of the enemy. Whether moving or taking fire position in an open area one is exposed to enemy from view and fire. Broken ground when correctly used affords protection from flat path weapons. It does not afford cover from air or protection from high path weapons. Dead ground does not afford cover from high path weapons.
4 What are the methods of Indication Targets? (05 Marks)
Easy Targets- Can be indicated by the following methods: -
(a) Indication by Description. A noticeable target can often be described directly. For example, “No. 1 Section BRIDGE”. Here BRIDGE is so noticeable that nobody can make a mistake in recognizing it.
(b) Indication by Direction or Range or Both. In slightly less obvious cases other aids should be used e.g. direction or range or both.
(i) Indication by Direction: No 1 Section BAEN BAGHICHA.
(ii) Indication by Range: No 1 Section 600 BAGHICHA.
(iii) Direction and Range: When indicating a landmark, indicate direction first and then range e.g. BAEN-600, BAGHICHA.
Difficult Targets -The targets which cannot be indicated by the methods given above are termed difficult targets. The methods to indicate these are explained by Direction Method as given below
(a) The general line of direction.
(b) A known reference point.
(c) Another landmark.
2 Why Things are seen? (08 Marks)
Ans- Various factors responsible for things to be seen are as follows: -
(a) Shape.
(b) Shine.
(c) Shadow.
(d) Surface.
(e) Spacing.
(f) Smoke.
(g) Sound.
(h) Movement
6 What is means Personal Camouflage? (05Marks)
Ans -Camouflage means to disguise an object in plain sight in order to conceal it
from something or someone. Personal camouflage can be done by following
methods:-
(a) Use of Disruptive Pattern.
(b) Clothing and Local Vegetation.
(c) Camouflage of Face.
(d) Camouflage of Equipment.
7 Define the Camouflage & concealment? (05 Marks)
Ans – Camouflage- Camouflage is defined as action of misleading enemy by
concealing or misrepresenting the identity of own troops, equipment,
installations and activities.
Concealment . If the enemy can see you, he can hit you with his fire. So you
must be concealed from enemy observation and have cover from enemy fire.
When the terrain does not provide natural cover and concealment, you must
prepare your cover and use natural and man-made materials to camouflage/
conceal yourself, your equipment, and your position.
8 Types of cover and correct use. (05 Marks)
Ans-There are of following types:-
(a) Cover from View. A person is concealed only from view and not from fire.
(b) Cover from Fire. This means that the concealed person is protected both
from view and fire of weapon.
(c) Look Through or Around Cover. Whenever possible look through or around
the cover but not over it.
(d) Avoid Breaking a Straight Line. Skyline/light coloured background is the
worst background as the object against it will be found out because of
contrasting background and shape.
(e) Isolated Cover is Dangerous. Eye catches isolated cover easily especially
if there is any movement near it.
9 What are the various measures include in Camouflage. (10 Marks)
(i) Use of Disruptive Pattern Clothing and Local Vegetation.
(ii) Camouflage of Face.
(iii) Camouflage of Equipment.
(iv)Helmet.
(v) Use of Hessian Cloth.
(vi)Use of Camouflage Net.
(vii) Camouflage of Packs.
(viii) Camouflage of LMG.
(ix)Camouflage of Rifle.
MILITARY HISTORY (55 Marks)
1. Full form (05 Marks )
(a)MVC – Mahaveer Chakra
(b) SM - Sena Medal
(c) AC - Ashok Chakra
(d) PVC - Param Veer Chakra
(e) VrC - Veer Chakra
2 The country has awarded 21 Param Veer Chakras for exemplary courage and bravery to the following brave soldiers :- (20 Marks)
(a) Maj Somnath Sharma, 4 KUMAON Badgam, Kashmir November 3, 1947.
(b) Naik Jadunath Singh Rajput Taindhara, Naushera, Kashmir February 6, 1948.
(c) 2nd Lt Rama Raghoba Rane Bombay Engineers Naushera Rajouri Road April 8- 11, 1948.
(d) Company Haviladar Major Piru Singh 6 Rajputana Rifles Tithwal sector, J&K July 18, 1948.
(e) Lance Naik Karam Singh 1 Sikh Tithwal sector, J&K October 13, 1948.
(f) Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria 3/1 Gorkha Rifles Elizabethville, Katanga,Congo Dec 5, 1961.
(g) Major Dhan Singh Thapa 1/8 Gorkha Rifles Ladakh October 21, 1962.
(h) Subedar Joginder Singh 1 Sikh Tawang, Arunachal October 20-23, 1962.
(i) Major Shaitan Singh 13 Kumaon Regiment Rezang La, Chusul sector, Ladakh November 18, 1962. (j) Lt Col A B Tarapore 17 Poona Horse Phillora, Sialkot, Pakistan September 11-16, 1965.
(k) Company Quartermaster Havildar Abdul Hamid 4 Grenadiers Cheema, Khem Karan Sep 10, 1965.
(l) Lance Naik Albert Ekka 14 Guards, Gangasagar, 6 1/2km west of Agartala December 4, 1971.
(m) Flying Officer Nirmaljit Singh Sekhon No.18 "Flying Bullets" Squadron Srinagar Dec 14, 1971.
(n) Second Lt Arun Khetarpal 17 Poona Horse, 47 Inf Brigade Shakargarh sector December 16, 1971.
(o) Major Hoshiar Singh Grenadiers Regiment Shakargarh sector December 17, 1971.
(p) Naib Subedar Bana Singh J&K Light Infantry Siachen 1987.
(q) Major Ramaswamy Parameswaram Mahar Regiment Sri Lanka (Operation Pawan) Nov 25, 1987.
(r) Captain Vikram Batra13 J&K Rifles July 7, 1999.
(s) Lt Manoj Kumar Pandey 1/11 Gorkha Rifles July 2-3, 1999.
(t) Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav 18 Grenadiers July 3-4, 1999.
(u) Rifleman Sanjay Kumar13 J&k Rifles July 4, 1999.
2 Write The Note :- Indo – Pak War 1971 ( 75 WORDS) (10 Marks)
Ans- The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military confrontation between India's Mitro bahini forces and Pakistan that occurred during the liberation war in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 to the fall of Dacca (Dhaka) on 16 December 1971. The war began with Operation Chengiz Khan's preemptive aerial strikes on 11 Indian air stations, which led to the commencement of hostilities with Pakistan and Indian entry into the war for independence in East Pakistan on the side of Bengali nationalist forces. Lasting just 13 days, it is one of the shortest wars in history.
During the war, Indian and Pakistani militaries simultaneously clashed on the eastern and western fronts; the war ended after the Eastern Command of the Pakistan military signed the Instrument of Surrender on 16 December 1971 in Dhaka, marking the formation of East Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh.
Officially, East Pakistan had earlier called for its secession from Pakistan on 26 March 1971. Approximately 90,000 to 93,000 Pakistani servicemen were taken prisoner by the Indian Army, which included 79,676 to 81,000 uniformed personnel of the Pakistan Armed Forces, including some Bengali soldiers who had remained loyal to Pakistan. The remaining 10,324 to 12,500 prisoners were civilians, either family members of the military personnel or collaborators (razakars).
It is estimated that members of the Pakistani military and supporting Islamist militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 civilians in Bangladesh. As a result of the conflict, a further eight to ten million people fled the country to seek refuge in India.
During the 1971 Bangladesh war for independence, members of the Pakistani military and supporting Islamist militias called the Razakars raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bangladeshi women and girls in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape
3 Write The Note: - Indo – Kargil War 1999. (75 WORDS) (10 Marks)
Ans - The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict, was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LOC). In India, the conflict is also referred to as Operation Vijay (Hindi: विजय, literally "Victory"), which was the name of the Indian operation to clear the Kargil sector.
The Indian Air Force's role in acting jointly with Indian Army ground troops during the war was aimed at flushing out regular and irregular troops of the Pakistani Army from vacated Indian Positions in the Kargil sector along the Line of Control. This particular operation was given the code name Operation Safed Sagar (Hindi: ऑपरेशन सफे द सागर, lit. "Operation White Sea").
The cause of the war was the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers disguised as Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the LOC,] which serves as the de facto border between the two states. During the initial stages of the war, Pakistan blamed the fighting entirely on independent Kashmiri insurgents, but documents left behind by casualties and later statements by Pakistan's Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff showed involvement of Pakistani paramilitary forces led by General Ashraf Rashid. The Indian Army, later supported by the Indian Air Force, recaptured a majority of the positions on the Indian side of the LOC infiltrated by the Pakistani troops and militants. Facing international diplomatic opposition, the Pakistani forces withdrew from the remaining Indian positions along the LOC.
The war is the most recent example of high-altitude warfare in mountainous terrain, and as such posed significant logistical problems for the combating sides. It is also the sole instance of direct, conventional warfare between nuclear states (i.e., those possessing nuclear weapons). India had conducted its first successful test in 1974; Pakistan, which had been developing its nuclear capability in secret since around the same time, conducted its first known tests in 1998, just two weeks after a second series of tests by India.
4 INDO-PAKISTANI WAR 1965. (10 Marks)
The Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. The conflict began following Pakistan’s Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to participate in insurgency against Indian rule. In retaliation, India reacted swiftly and launched a counter attack and a second confrontation with Pakistan took place in 1965, largely over Kashmir. Pakistani President Ayub Khan launched Operation Gibraltar in August1965, during which several Pakistani paramilitary troops infiltrated into Indianadministered Kashmir and attempted to ignite an anti-India agitation in Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistani leaders believed that India, which was still recovering from the disastrous Sino-Indian War, would be unable to deal with a military thrust and a Kashmiri rebellion. Pakistan launched Operation Grand Slam on 1 September, invading India’s Chamb- Jaurian sector. Offensive on Pakistan. Initially, the Indian Army met with considerable resistance in the northern sector. After launching prolonged artillery barrages against Pakistan, India was able to capture three important mountain positions in Kashmir. By 9 September, the Indian Army had made considerable in-roads into Pakistan.
India had its largest haul of Pakistani tanks when the offensive of Pakistan's 1 stArmoured Division was blunted at the Battle of Asal Uttar, which took place on 10 September near Khemkaran in Punjab. Another tank battle of the war came in the form of the Battle of Chawinda, the largest tank battle in history after World War II.
Pakistan's defeat at the Battle of Asal Uttar and Dograi hastened the end of the conflict. Battle of Dograi. To relieve pressure at Chamb–Jaurian Sector in J&K, 15 Infantry Division launched offensive in Lahore sector. 3 JAT of 54 Infantry Brigade crossed Ichogil canal and captured the town ship of Dograi and was just 13 miles from Lahore on 23 September 1965. On23 September 1965 cease fire was announced. A decision to return back to pre-war positions was taken following the Tashkent Declaration.
COMMUNICATTION (40 Marks)
1 What are the types of communication? (05 Marks)
Ans – There are two types: -
(a) Line communication – This is means of signal communications for a forces which is static. Telephone is by far the best means of signal communications between individual officers, and the data is the best means of clearing / passing messages. However, data is gaining importance and shall be most favored type of communications in feature. Line communication is provided using of field cable extensively.
(b) Radio communication- Radio is the wireless transmission of signals through free space by electromagnetic radiation of a frequency significantly below that of visible light, in the radio frequency range from about30 khz to 300 ghz. These waves are called radio waves.
2 Diffrance between line and Radio communication? (05 Marks)
Ans – 1. Line communication -
(i) Reliable
(ii) Practically free from electrical interface
(iii) Relatively secure
(iv) Inflexible once it is laid
(v) Expensive in men and material
2. Radio communication
(i) Flexible
(ii) Rapid establishing communication
(iii) Work on the move although range obtained
(iv) Economical in personal and equipment
(v) Physical venerable
3.What do you mean radio Relay and its advantage & disadvantage? (10 Marks)
Ans -Radio relay implies that a series of radio transmitters and receivers
normally spaced between 20- 35 Kms apart and are used to provide point
signal communication.
Advantages.
(a) Replace line with considerable economy of manpower and stores.
(b) It can be operated over area where for reasons of ground or enemy activity use of line may not be possible.
(c) Provides greater flexibility than line.
(d) Quick to set up and move except in mountainous country.
(e) By its ability to employ multichannel equipment radio relay provides more tele-printer circuits over one link than can normally be provided over the average field cable. Thus it has much greater traffic handling capacity.
Disadvantages.
(a) Liable to interception and hence insecure. Has relatively greater security than net radio, depending upon the sitting and direction of the beams.
(b) Liable to interference from enemy jamming although not as much as in the case of net radio.
(c) Terrain between stations must be reasonably suitable to get a ‘quasi optical path’, this presents difficulty in sitting.
(d) Location of terminal and intermediate stations may not suit tactical layout and may, therefore, create additional protection requirements.
(e) It cannot work on the move.
(f) Slightly more expensive in men and material than in the case of net radio.
(g) Needs critical sitting.
4 Define the following? (20 Marks)
1. Line. This is the basic means of signal communications for a force which is static.
2. Radio Communication. Radio communication involves Net Radio and Radio Relay. Net radio is the basic means of signal communication for any mobile force.
3. Radio Relay. Radio relay implies that a series of radio transmitters and receivers normally spaced between 20-35 Km apart and are used to provide point signal.
4. Wireless. Wireless operations permit services, such as a long-range communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use
of wires.
5. Mobile Telephones. These wireless phones use radio waves from signal- transmission towers to enable their users to make phone calls from many
locations worldwide.
6. Wireless Data Communications. Wireless data communications are an essential component of mobile computing. The various available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range and performance.
7. Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network that enables portable computing devices to connect easily to the Internet. Wi-Fi has become the de facto standard for access in private homes, within offices, and at public hotspots. Cellular data service offers coverage within a range of 10-15 miles from the nearest cell site.
8. A walkie-talkie is a hand-held, portable, two-way radio transceiver.
9. Radio Telephony. The procedure laid out to communicate on the Radio so as to make the conversation secure and successful, which is referred to as “Radio Telephony”.
5 Write the facilities of Radio set GP338 Motorola. (10Marks)
FACILITIES.
(i) It is portable and light in weight.
(ii) Can be operated easily.
(iii) It can be operated in VHF/UHF and 2 way simplex mode.
(iv) 128 channel of this radio set can be preset into 8 zone.
(v) Option of selective call facilities available.
(vi) Call alert can be given to receiver station.
(vii) Can select required zone.
(viii) Start/stop facilities of scan operation available.
(ix) Add/Delete from scan list facilities available.
6 Telex-This is the abbreviated form of TELE PRINTER EXCHANGE.(10 Marks)
As cable is used in this type of communication devices to connect two such instruments it restricts its range of operation.
(a) Advantage.
(i) Re-generative repeaters in a network can increase range; however voice signal cannot be re-generated.
(ii) Can be used over a telephone network.
(iii) Can receive messages when unattended.
(iv) Message is recorded in a printer form.
(b) Disadvantages.
(i) The Equipment is costlier than a telephone set.
(ii) Key in error due to the need for a human operator to send-receive message.
(iii) Lack of privacy since any one can read the printed output.
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